If the US and Western sanctions triggered by the war in Ukraine were meant to turn Russia into a pariah state, this goal has not been fully achieved.
China has been a diplomatic and economic lifeline for Moscow.
The bilateral trade reached a record high of $240 billion in 2023.
Russia sells oil and gas to its Asian neighbor, albeit at discounted prices compared to Europe.
Both countries share the goal of challenging the US-led world order and excluding Washington-led alliances from what they view as their sphere of influence.
Saudi Arabia refrained from condemning Russia and has benefitted from Russian support to avoid pariah status.
The two countries have strengthened ties, with Putin even embracing Mohammed bin Salman after the Khashoggi murder.
The US has also reversed its stance to isolate Riyadh, allowing for deeper ties with Moscow.
Russia turned to Iran for drones in the Ukrainian war and is building a trade route connecting to India.
The two nations cooperate in financial and military matters, sharing hostility towards the US presence in the Middle East.
Despite geopolitical rivalry, Turkey has become a key trade partner for Russia, especially for sanctioned goods.
Erdogan has refused to join sanctions against Russia, as the country relies on Russian gas and nuclear power.
Turkish industries heavily depend on the Russian market.
India, a top consumer of Russian oil, has supported Russia but faces challenges due to stringent US sanctions.
The relationship provides legitimacy to Russia in the global arena, offering strategic autonomy to India against major powers.
South Africa’s president has refrained from condemning Russia, with historical ties supporting their interactions.
Although trade is minimal, their shared history allows for mutual benefits.
Prime Minister Orban’s close ties with Putin have hindered EU actions against Russia.
Hungary remains a gas importer from Russia, with joint nuclear projects enhancing their relations.
Russian support for North Korea has raised concerns internationally, with accusations of exchanging goods for weapons components.
Both countries’ veto actions at the UN reflect their mutual interests.
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